V letech 2006 a 2007 byli turist\u00e9 na dovolen\u00e9 v Mexiku, kde bylo mnoho mot\u00fdl\u016f tohoto druhu, ohromeni kolektivn\u00edm zp\u011bvem hmyzu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Mrtv\u00fd hmyz se vyskytuje v Africe, Sa\u00fadsk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bii, Ir\u00e1ku, \u00cdr\u00e1nu a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch. Je b\u011b\u017en\u00fd v subtropick\u00fdch a tropick\u00fdch oblastech. Krom\u011b toho se mot\u00fdl vyskytuje ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a ji\u017en\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Na Krymu je vid\u011bt mrtvou hlavu skute\u010dn\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch, proto\u017ee to tam prakticky nen\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9. Na \u00fazem\u00ed Ruska byl tento druh vid\u011bn pouze v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech - nap\u0159\u00edklad na \u00fazem\u00ed Moskvy, Kaluga a Krasnodar. Mot\u00fdl lze nal\u00e9zt tak\u00e9 v Arm\u00e9nii, \u00c1zerb\u00e1jd\u017e\u00e1nu a Abch\u00e1zii.<\/p>\n
Jest\u0159\u00e1bi ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed l\u00e9taj\u00ed na sever, kde vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed do\u010dasn\u00e9 kolonie. Vzd\u00e1lenosti, kter\u00e9 mot\u00fdli p\u0159ekon\u00e1vaj\u00ed, se li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch letech se hmyz dostane i na Island.<\/p>\n
V polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed \u017eilo v Anglii tolik jest\u0159\u00e1b\u016f tohoto druhu, \u017ee se farm\u00e1\u0159i rozhodli pou\u017e\u00edvat hmyz ke krmen\u00ed dr\u016fbe\u017ee.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
V Africe, kde jsou pro jest\u0159\u00e1ba nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky, je mot\u00fdl k vid\u011bn\u00ed po cel\u00fd rok. Mot\u00fdli se pohybuj\u00ed velmi rychle, jejich rychlost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt a\u017e 50 km za hodinu. Rad\u011bji se usazuj\u00ed ve slunn\u00fdch oblastech nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch se v n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch, zarostl\u00fdch tr\u00e1vou a ke\u0159i.<\/strong> Mrtvou hlavu m\u016f\u017eete vid\u011bt v listnat\u00fdch les\u00edch, ale na vyso\u010din\u011b jsou vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi hosty a jsou uvedeni v \u010cerven\u00e9 knize.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
Zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti<\/h2>\n
Jest\u0159\u00e1b\u00ed m\u016fra se vyzna\u010duje tlust\u00fdm proboscis, kv\u016fli kter\u00e9mu hmyz nem\u016f\u017ee j\u00edst nektar kv\u011btin. \u010clov\u011bk se proto mus\u00ed spokojit se \u0161\u0165\u00e1vou ze strom\u016f a ovoce. Mnoho druh\u016f jest\u0159\u00e1b\u00edch m\u016fr je srovn\u00e1v\u00e1no s kolib\u0159\u00edky kv\u016fli jejich zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti - zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee hmyz vis\u00ed nad pupenem, kdy\u017e pije nektar, a rychle m\u00e1v\u00e1 k\u0159\u00eddly. Mot\u00fdl mrtvoln\u00fd v\u0161ak takovou vlastnost nem\u00e1 \u2013 acherontia atropos si p\u0159ed kousnut\u00edm rad\u011bji sedne.<\/p>\n
![\"Mot\u00fdl](\"https:\/\/pro-babochek.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/mertvaya-golova-na-tsvetke.jpg\")
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Jednou z obl\u00edben\u00fdch pochoutek hmyzu je med.<\/strong> Smrt\u00edc\u00ed mot\u00fdl m\u016f\u017ee vstoupit do \u00falu nebo se pokusit oklamat v\u010dely a pak prop\u00edchnout pl\u00e1st a sva\u010dinu. Porce, kterou najednou sn\u00ed, je od 5 do 15 g. Existuje teorie, \u017ee zvuky vyd\u00e1van\u00e9 mazan\u00fdm hmyzem velmi p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed v\u010dely. Tato v\u00edra je \u0161iroce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena mezi v\u010dela\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed se z\u00e1jmem sleduj\u00ed mot\u00fdly, ale v\u011bdeck\u00fd d\u016fkaz pro kuri\u00f3zn\u00ed skute\u010dnost nebyl dosud nalezen.<\/p>\nM\u00e1 se za to, \u017ee jest\u0159\u00e1b \u010dern\u00fd uvol\u0148uje ur\u010dit\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie, kter\u00e9 maskuj\u00ed jeho v\u016fni. Pokud by se \u00fatoku v \u00falu nedalo vyhnout, mrtv\u00e1 hlava vydr\u017e\u00ed a\u017e p\u011bt v\u010del\u00edch bodnut\u00ed. V\u010dela\u0159i nebij\u00ed na poplach \u2013 mot\u00fdl kv\u016fli mal\u00e9mu po\u010dtu nep\u0159ek\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159i chovu v\u010del. Pro prevenci jsou kolem \u00fal\u016f instalov\u00e1ny speci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00fdmi v\u010dely snadno proniknou, ale mot\u00fdli nikoli, proto\u017ee pr\u016fm\u011br bun\u011bk je asi 8 mm.<\/p>\n
![\"V\u010dely](\"https:\/\/pro-babochek.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/pchely-vragi-brazhnika.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
Pokud n\u00e1hle nastane nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, hmyz vyd\u00e1 ostr\u00e9 a pronikav\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edp\u00e1n\u00ed. Housenka tak\u00e9 vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 zvuky v d\u016fsledku t\u0159en\u00ed \u010delist\u00ed. Je \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9, \u017ee kukla nez\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u011bm\u00e1. Zat\u00edm se nepoda\u0159ilo zjistit, jak a za jak\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 zvuky, ale v\u011bt\u0161ina v\u011bdc\u016f se shoduje, \u017ee se tak d\u011bje za \u00fa\u010delem zastra\u0161en\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1tel.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
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Vzhled potomstva<\/h2>\n
Druh\u00e1 generace hluchavc\u016f je steriln\u00ed, tak\u017ee populace m\u016f\u017ee r\u016fst pouze s novou vlnou migruj\u00edc\u00edch mot\u00fdl\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok se narod\u00ed dv\u011b ml\u00e1\u010fata hmyzu.<\/strong> V tepl\u00fdch letech se n\u011bkdy l\u00edhnou i t\u0159i generace a v chladn\u00fdch letech se ne v\u0161echny housenky stihnou zakuklit. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hmyz zem\u0159e kv\u016fli nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m.<\/p>\nNejprve samice pomoc\u00ed feromon\u016f upoutaj\u00ed pozornost samc\u016f, pot\u00e9 se hmyz p\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Sami\u010dky kladou pod listy krmn\u00fdch rostlin a\u017e 150 vaj\u00ed\u010dek najednou. Vaj\u00ed\u010dko tohoto hmyzu je ov\u00e1ln\u00e9, je modr\u00e9 nebo sv\u011btle zelen\u00e9. M\u016fra s lebkou se neobjev\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b - zahradn\u00edci nejprve vid\u00ed velk\u00e9 housenky, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed p\u011bt p\u00e1r\u016f nohou. Jejich d\u00e9lka je cca 12 mm. Do p\u00e1t\u00e9ho v\u011bku se tento ukazatel v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed - housenky dosahuj\u00ed a\u017e 15 cm, jejich hmotnost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt od 18 do 22 g.<\/p>\n
Barva housenek je r\u016fzn\u00e1. Existuj\u00ed \u017elutomodr\u00ed, hn\u011bd\u00ed a zelen\u00ed jedinci. Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou citronov\u011b \u017elut\u00e9, na jejich\u017e t\u011ble m\u016f\u017eete vid\u011bt modr\u00e9 pruhy sb\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed se na h\u0159bet\u011b pod ostr\u00fdm \u00fahlem. Po dobu osmi t\u00fddn\u016f, kdy je hmyz ve st\u00e1diu housenky, str\u00e1v\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu pod zem\u00ed (obvykle v hloubce do 40 cm). Obvykle larva \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vy\u010dn\u00edv\u00e1 z \u00fakrytu, aby dos\u00e1hla nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed zelen\u011b, sva\u010dila tab\u00e1k, lilek nebo raj\u010de a pak se zase schovala pod zem.<\/p>\n
![\"mot\u00fdl](\"https:\/\/pro-babochek.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/gusenitsa-mertvoy-golovy.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
Kukla samce je od 50 do 65 mm, samice - od 65 do 75 mm. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed velikost kukly je 80 mm. Hmotnost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt od 7 do 12 g. Barva po zakuklen\u00ed je zpo\u010d\u00e1tku \u017elut\u00e1 nebo kr\u00e9mov\u00e1, po 12 hodin\u00e1ch se m\u011bn\u00ed na \u010dervenohn\u011bdou.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n
Butterfly Dead Head a jej\u00ed \u017eivotnost<\/h2>\n
Housenka se obvykle do\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 a\u017e dvou m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, pot\u00e9 doch\u00e1z\u00ed k zakuklen\u00ed v hloubce 15 a\u017e 40 cm pod zem\u00ed. Kukly jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed sn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed chlad, a proto p\u0159i nevhodn\u00fdch pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch hromadn\u011b hynou. O m\u011bs\u00edc pozd\u011bji se z kukly narod\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00fd jedinec, jeho\u017e d\u00e9lka \u017eivota tak\u00e9 nen\u00ed del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e m\u011bs\u00edc.<\/p>\n
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Nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 s mrtvou hlavou<\/h2>\n
Mot\u00fdl m\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b mnoho nep\u0159\u00e1tel. V kter\u00e9koli f\u00e1zi \u017eivotn\u00edho cyklu m\u016f\u017ee trp\u011bt parazitoidy \u2013 t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed s pomoc\u00ed hostitele. N\u011bkter\u00fd hmyz je schopen nakl\u00e1st vaj\u00ed\u010dka p\u0159\u00edmo na housenku. Housenky n\u011bkdy jed\u00ed tachinov\u00e1 vaj\u00ed\u010dka spolu s listy. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se paraziti vyv\u00edjej\u00ed uvnit\u0159 - jed\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed org\u00e1ny a pot\u00e9 opou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed t\u011blo hmyzu.<\/p>\n
![\"Mrtv\u00fd](\"https:\/\/pro-babochek.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/uzor-na-krylyah-metrvoy-golovy.jpg\")
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Mot\u00fdl s lebkou na z\u00e1dech v kultu\u0159e<\/h2>\n
Neobvykl\u00e9 a d\u011bsiv\u00e9 zbarven\u00ed vedlo ke vzniku \u010detn\u00fdch pov\u011br. V r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00edch je m\u016fra mrtv\u00e1 p\u0159edzv\u011bst\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f, jej\u00ed vzhled byl dokonce spojen s epidemiemi.<\/p>\n
Sta\u010d\u00ed zadat vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u201efotka mrtv\u00e9 hlavy m\u016fry\u201c nebo \u201efotka mrtv\u00e9 hlavy\u201c, abyste pochopili, pro\u010d tento druh mot\u00fdla doh\u00e1n\u00ed a nad\u00e1le d\u011bs\u00ed pov\u011br\u010div\u00e9 lidi. Na fotce si lezouc\u00ed hmyz s chytlavou barvou obl\u00edbili spisovatel\u00e9 a sc\u00e9n\u00e1rist\u00e9, vid\u011bt ho resp. O n\u011bm si m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch filmech a knih\u00e1ch<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n- - Ml\u010den\u00ed jeh\u0148\u00e1tek (re\u017eie Jonathan Demmy);<\/li>\n
- - film "Casket of Damnation" (re\u017eie - Ul Bornedal);<\/li>\n
- - p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh "Sfinga" (autor - Edgar Allan Poe);<\/li>\n
- - p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh "Dead Head" (autor - Alexander Belyaev);<\/li>\n
- - rom\u00e1n "Jsem kr\u00e1l hradu" (autor - Susan Hill).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
V Rusku platilo, \u017ee pokud jste vid\u011bli mot\u00fdla s lebkou na k\u0159\u00eddlech, mus\u00edte ho ur\u010dit\u011b zab\u00edt, abyste se vyhnuli ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m. Jsou tu tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 fakta a m\u00fdty:<\/strong><\/p>\nPov\u011br\u010div\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 Anglie v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee mrtv\u00fd mot\u00fdl se sp\u0159\u00e1telil s \u010darod\u011bji a \u010darod\u011bjnicemi, a \u0161eptali jim jm\u00e9na lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli brzy zem\u0159\u00edt. N\u011bkter\u00e9 africk\u00e9 kmeny jsou st\u00e1le p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deny, \u017ee kousnut\u00ed tohoto mot\u00fdla m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt smrteln\u00e9. V evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za \u0161patn\u00e9 znamen\u00ed, pokud mot\u00fdl n\u00e1hodn\u011b vlet\u00ed do domu - to m\u016f\u017ee majitel\u016fm p\u0159edstavovat v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 nemoci, ztr\u00e1ty a dal\u0161\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Autor knihy The Antiquary napsal zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh \u2013 obyvatel\u00e9 Lincolnshire p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dili spisovatele, \u017ee housenka neobvykl\u00e9ho mot\u00fdla se m\u016f\u017ee snadno prom\u011bnit v krtka. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch se v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee pokud se \u0161upina mrtv\u00e9 hlavy jest\u0159\u00e1bn\u00edka n\u00e1hodou dostane do oka, m\u016f\u017eete dokonce p\u0159ij\u00edt o zrak.<\/p>\n
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Mot\u00fdl\u00ed str\u00e1\u017e<\/h2>\n
\u010cerven\u00e1 kniha obsahuje informace o tomto mot\u00fdlovi. Obvykle se vyskytuj\u00ed jednotliv\u00ed jedinci, ale velikost populace nez\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b nem\u011bnn\u00e1, je ovlivn\u011bna pov\u011btrnostn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami. \u010c\u00edm teplej\u0161\u00ed rok, t\u00edm v\u00edce mot\u00fdl\u016f. V chladn\u00fdch letech je naopak hmyzu tohoto druhu v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b.<\/p>\n
Po\u010det se posuzuje podle nalezen\u00fdch kukel.<\/strong> V SSSR trp\u011bl mrtv\u00fd jest\u0159\u00e1b jest\u0159\u00e1b kv\u016fli chemik\u00e1li\u00edm, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaly k o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed pol\u00ed v boji proti r\u016fzn\u00fdm \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm. Kv\u016fli invazi mandelinky bramborov\u00e9 musely b\u00fdt velk\u00e9 plochy vyu\u017eity pro p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed brambor pomoc\u00ed insekticid\u016f. Pravd\u011bpodobnost p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed potomk\u016f mrtv\u00e9ho mot\u00fdla prvn\u00ed vlny po takov\u00fdch kontroln\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00edch je minim\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0451\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 — Acherontia atropos. \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b). \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e-\u0431\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 6 […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":230,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"crb-meta-links":"","crb-meta-show":"","crb-meta-show-edited":"","crb-meta-use-manual":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-99","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-articles"},"yoast_head":"\u0411\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0435<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0442\u044b\u043b\u0435\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432? 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